Data sources

Data sources#

In the data paper, we are standardizing and aggregating data from multiple sources. The data sources used in creating the interpolated dataset are described below.

Argo#

Location: ERDDAP
Link: https://erddap.ifremer.fr/erddap/tabledap/ArgoFloats.html
Filetype: CSV
Profile type: Vertical
DOI: 10.17882/42182
Citation:
 Argo. (2025). Argo float measurements [Data set]. Ifremer ERDDAP. Retrieved August 20, 2025, from https://erddap.ifremer.fr/erddap/tabledap/ArgoFloats.csv?fileNumber%2Cdata_type%2Cformat_version%2Chandbook_version%2Creference_date_time%2Cdate_creation%2Cdate_update%2Cplatform_number%2Cproject_name%2Cpi_name%2Ccycle_number%2Cdirection%2Cdata_center%2Cdc_reference%2Cdata_state_indicator%2Cdata_mode%2Cplatform_type%2Cfloat_serial_no%2Cfirmware_version%2Cwmo_inst_type%2Ctime%2Ctime_qc%2Ctime_location%2Clatitude%2Clongitude%2Cposition_qc%2Cpositioning_system%2Cprofile_pres_qc%2Cprofile_temp_qc%2Cprofile_psal_qc%2Cvertical_sampling_scheme%2Cconfig_mission_number%2Cpres%2Cpres_qc%2Cpres_adjusted%2Cpres_adjusted_qc%2Cpres_adjusted_error%2Ctemp%2Ctemp_qc%2Ctemp_adjusted%2Ctemp_adjusted_qc%2Ctemp_adjusted_error%2Cpsal%2Cpsal_qc%2Cpsal_adjusted%2Cpsal_adjusted_qc%2Cpsal_adjusted_error%2Cdoxy%2Cdoxy_qc%2Ctemp_doxy%2Ctemp_doxy_qc%2Cmolar_doxy%2Cmolar_doxy_qc%2Cturbidity%2Cturbidity_qc%2Cchla%2Cchla_qc%2Cnitrate%2Cnitrate_qc&time>=2000-01-01T00%3A00%3A00Z&time<=2024-12-31T23%3A23%3A20Z

BCO-DMO#

Location: ERDDAP
Link: https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_{id}
Dataset IDs:

  • 916411_v2

  • 731502

  • 614744

  • 807119
    Filetype: CSV
    Profile type: Vertical
    DOI:
    Citation:
     BCO-DMO. (2026). [AE1913 CTD data] - CTD profiles from R/V Atlantic Explorer cruise AE1913 in the Sargasso Sea in June of 2019 (Collaborative Research: Direct Characterization of Adaptive Nutrient Stress Responses in the Sargasso Sea using Protein Biomarkers and a Biogeochemical AUV) [Data set]. BCO-DMO ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_916411_v2.csv
     BCO-DMO. (2026). [Binned CTD data] - Temperature and salinity data from binned CTD data collected during R/V Hugh R. Sharp cruise HRS1414 in the Mid and South-Atlantic Bight from July to August of 2014 (DANCE project) (Collaborative Research: Impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on the biogeochemistry of oligotrophic coastal waters) [Data set]. BCO-DMO ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_731502.csv
     BCO-DMO. (2026). [CTD - Downcasts] - CTD profile data from 2014-2015 R/V C-HAWK MuLTI-2 project cruises in the Gulf of Maine, Coastal eastern Maine, from Frenchman Bay to the Canadian border (An integrated theoretical and empirical approach to across- shelf mixing and connectivity of mussel populations) [Data set]. BCO-DMO ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_614744.csv
     BCO-DMO. (2026). [CTD AR29, RB1904 and TN3638] - CTD casts from the SPIROPA project from R/V Neil Armstrong cruise AR29, Ronald H. Brown cruise RB1904 and R/V Thomas G. Thompson cruise TN368 to the New England Shelfbreak in 2018 and 2019 (Collaborative Research: Shelfbreak Frontal Dynamics: Mechanisms of Upwelling, Net Community Production, and Ecological Implications) [Data set]. BCO-DMO ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_807119.csv

CFRF/WHOI Shelf Research Fleet#

Location: ERDDAP
Link: https://erddap.ondeckdata.com/erddap/tabledap/shelf_fleet_profiles_full_resolution.html
Filetype: CSV
Profile type: Vertical
DOI: NA
Citation:  Commercial Fisheries Research Foundation | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. (2026). Shelf fleet profiles full resolution [Data set]. On Deck Data ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://erddap.ondeckdata.com/erddap/tabledap/shelf_fleet_profiles_full_resolution.csv

EcoMon#

Location: ERDDAP
Link: https://comet.nefsc.noaa.gov/erddap/tabledap/ocdbs_v_erddap1.html
Filetype: CSV
Profile type: Vertical
DOI: NA
Citation:
 NOAA | NMFS | NEFSC. (2025). Hydrographic | NEFSC | Hydrographic Monitoring Program | Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, PAR and fluorescence profiles | Northeast U.S. Shelf | 1977-present [Data set]. On Deck Data ERDDAP. Retrieved August 20, 2025, from https://comet.nefsc.noaa.gov/erddap/tabledap/ocdbs_v_erddap1.csv

Department of Fisheries Oceanography Canada#

Location: ERDDAP
Link: https://cioosatlantic.ca/erddap/tabledap/
Dataset IDs:
*(V) = vertical profile type, (B) = buoy profile type

  • bio_atlantic_zone_off_shelf_monitoring_program_ctd (V)

  • bio_historical_offshore_international_ctd (V)

  • nafc_multispecies_ctd_profiles (V)

  • new_bb1_hyp_level2_binned (V)

  • bio_atlantic_zone_monitoring_program_ctd_6d26_7b70_c538 (V)

  • bio_maritimes_region_ecosystem_survey_ctd (V)

  • bio_historical_coastal_moored_ctd (B)

  • bio_rapid_moored_ctd (B)

  • bio_historical_offshore_moored_ctd (B)

  • bio_ocean_tracking_network_moored_ctd (B)

  • bio_cetacean_moored_ctd (B)

Filetype: CSV
Profile type: Vertical and buoy
DOI: NA
Citation:
 Regional Association of the Candadian Integrated Ocean Observing System. (2026). Maritimes Region Atlantic Zone Off-Shelf Monitoring Program (AZOMP) Rosette Vertical Profiles [Data set]. CIOOS Atlantic ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://cioosatlantic.ca/erddap/tabledap/bio_atlantic_zone_off_shelf_monitoring_program_ctd.csv
 Regional Association of the Candadian Integrated Ocean Observing System. (2026). Maritimes Region Historical offshore and international missions Rosette Vertical Profiles [Data set]. CIOOS Atlantic ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://cioosatlantic.ca/erddap/tabledap/bio_historical_offshore_international_ctd.csv
 Regional Association of the Candadian Integrated Ocean Observing System. (2026). Newfoundland and Labrador Region Multi-Species Survey Trawl-Mounted CTD Profiles [Data set]. CIOOS Atlantic ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://cioosatlantic.ca/erddap/tabledap/nafc_multispecies_ctd_profiles.csv
 Regional Association of the Candadian Integrated Ocean Observing System. (2026). Maritimes Region Ecosystem Survey Rosette Vertical Profiles [Data set]. CIOOS Atlantic ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://cioosatlantic.ca/erddap/tabledap/bio_maritimes_region_ecosystem_survey_ctd.csv
 Regional Association of the Candadian Integrated Ocean Observing System. (2026). Maritimes Region Historical Coastal Moored Time Series Data [Data set]. CIOOS Atlantic ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://cioosatlantic.ca/erddap/tabledap/bio_historical_coastal_moored_ctd.csv
 Regional Association of the Candadian Integrated Ocean Observing System. (2026). Maritimes Region Historical RAPID Climate Change Program Moored Time Series Data [Data set]. CIOOS Atlantic ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://cioosatlantic.ca/erddap/tabledap/bio_rapid_moored_ctd.csv
 Regional Association of the Candadian Integrated Ocean Observing System. (2026). Maritimes Region Historical Offshore Moored Time Series Data [Data set]. CIOOS Atlantic ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://cioosatlantic.ca/erddap/tabledap/bio_historical_offshore_moored_ctd.csv
 Regional Association of the Candadian Integrated Ocean Observing System. (2026). Maritimes Region Cetacean Monitoring Program MicroCAT conductivity, temperature and pressure time series data [Data set]. CIOOS Atlantic ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://cioosatlantic.ca/erddap/tabledap/bio_cetacean_moored_ctd.csv
 Regional Association of the Candadian Integrated Ocean Observing System. (2026). Maritimes Region Historical Ocean Tracking Network (OTN) Project Moored Time Series Data [Data set]. CIOOS Atlantic ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://cioosatlantic.ca/erddap/tabledap/bio_ocean_tracking_network_moored_ctd.csv

Fishing Industry Shared Bottom Oceanographic Timeseries (FIShBOT)#

Location: ERDDAP Link:
 Current version: https://erddap.ondeckdata.com/erddap/tabledap/fishbot_realtime.html  Archived 20 m bottom version: https://zenodo.org/records/22168636 Filetype: CSV
Profile type: Varied. Data is aggregated from both fisheries dependent and fisheries independent data. Profile types include vertical profiles, fishing trawls, gliders, and flowthrough data. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22168636 Citation:  Stoltz L., Maynard, G., Morin, M., Salois, S. (2026). FIShBOT Archive 2026-08-30 (V1) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22168636  Linus Stoltz, George Maynard, Michael Morin, Sarah Salois. 2025. Production of an in-situ bottom water temperature product for the northeast US continental shelf using oceanographic data collected by fishing vessels . US Dept Commer Northeast Fish Sci Cent Tech Memo 341. 20 p


Maine Department of Marine Resources#

Location: Maine DMR Data Portal
Link: https://mainedmr.shinyapps.io/MaineDMR_Trawl_Survey_Portal/ Requires an account
Filetype: CSV
Profile type: Vertical
DOI: NA
Citation:  Maine - New Hampshire Inshore Trawl Survey. (2025). Retrieved July 25, 2025, from https://mainedmr.shinyapps.io/MaineDMR_Trawl_Survey_Portal/

NEAMAP#

Location: By request only
Link: https://www.neamap.net/neamap-nearshore-trawl/
Filetype: CSV
Profile type: Vertical
DOI: NA
Citation:
 Virginia Institute of Marine Science’s Multispecies Research Group. (2024). NEAMAP Nearshore Trawl Survey. Accessed November 26, 2024.  Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (2009) Terms of reference and advisory report for the NEAMAP Nearshore Trawl Survey peer review. Report 09-01 of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. Alexandria, VA  Gartland, J., Gaichas, S.K. and Latour, R.J., 2023. Spatiotemporal patterns in the ecological community of the nearshore Mid-Atlantic Bight. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 704, pp.15-33.


NERACOOS#

Location: ERDDAP
Link: https://data.neracoos.org/erddap/tabledap/
Dataset IDs:

  • A01_ocean_001m

  • B01_ocean_001m

  • E01_ocean_001m

  • F01_ocean_001m

  • I01_ocean_001m

  • M01_ocean_001m

  • N01_ocean_001m

Filetype: CSV
Profile type: Buoy
DOI: 10.25921/69jq-7135
Citation:
 Shyka, T., & Northeastern Regional Association of Coastal Ocean Observing System (NERACOOS). (2017). Physical and meteorological data collected from non-federal stations assembled by the Northeastern Regional Association of Coastal Ocean Observing Systems (NERACOOS) [Data set]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/69jq-7135
 Physical Oceanography Group, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine. (2026). A01 Ocean - 1 meter [Data set]. NERACOOS ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://data.neracoos.org/erddap/tabledap/A01_ocean_001m.csv
 Physical Oceanography Group, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine. (2026). B01 Ocean - 1 meter [Data set]. NERACOOS ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://data.neracoos.org/erddap/tabledap/B01_ocean_001m.csv
 Physical Oceanography Group, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine. (2026). E01 Ocean - 1 meter [Data set]. NERACOOS ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://data.neracoos.org/erddap/tabledap/E01_ocean_001m.csv
 Physical Oceanography Group, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine. (2026). I01 Ocean - 1 meter [Data set]. NERACOOS ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://data.neracoos.org/erddap/tabledap/I01_ocean_001m.csv
 Physical Oceanography Group, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine. (2026). M01 Ocean - 1 meter [Data set]. NERACOOS ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://data.neracoos.org/erddap/tabledap/M01_ocean_001m.csv
 Physical Oceanography Group, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine. (2026). N01 Ocean - 1 meter [Data set]. NERACOOS ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://data.neracoos.org/erddap/tabledap/N01_ocean_001m.csv

MARACOOS#

Location: ERDDAP
Link: https://gliders.ioos.us/erddap/tabledap/
Dataset IDs:

  • maracoos_02-20210503T1937

  • maracoos_02-20210716T1814

  • maracoos_02-20210820T1546

  • maracoos_02-20211020T1322

  • maracoos_02-20220420T2011-delayed

  • maracoos_02-20230505T1613

  • maracoos_02-20240124T1445

  • maracoos_02-20240301T1425-delayed

  • maracoos_02-20240502T1359-delayed

  • maracoos_04-20221021T1433

  • maracoos_04-20230221T1724

  • maracoos_04-20241203T1457

  • maracoos_05-20240619T1716-delayed

  • maracoos_05-20240801T1650-delayed

  • maracoos_05-20241011T1741-delayed

Filetype: CSV
Profile type: Vertical
DOI: 10.25921/69jq-7135
Citation:
 Rutgers University. (2026). maracoos_02-20210503T1937 [Data set]. IOOS Gliders ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://gliders.ioos.us/erddap/tabledap/maracoos_02-20210503T1937.csv
 Rutgers University. (2026). maracoos_02-20210716T1814 [Data set]. IOOS Gliders ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://gliders.ioos.us/erddap/tabledap/maracoos_02-20210716T1814.csv
 Rutgers University. (2026). maracoos_02-20210820T1546 [Data set]. IOOS Gliders ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://gliders.ioos.us/erddap/tabledap/maracoos_02-20210820T1546.csv
 Rutgers University. (2026). maracoos_02-20211020T1322 [Data set]. IOOS Gliders ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://gliders.ioos.us/erddap/tabledap/maracoos_02-20211020T1322.csv
 Rutgers University. (2026). maracoos_02-20220420T2011-delayed [Data set]. IOOS Gliders ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://gliders.ioos.us/erddap/tabledap/maracoos_02-20220420T2011-delayed.csv
 Rutgers University. (2026). maracoos_02-20230505T1613 [Data set]. IOOS Gliders ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://gliders.ioos.us/erddap/tabledap/maracoos_02-20230505T1613.csv
 Rutgers University. (2026). maracoos_02-20240124T1445 [Data set]. IOOS Gliders ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://gliders.ioos.us/erddap/tabledap/maracoos_02-20240124T1445.csv
 Rutgers University. (2026). maracoos_02-20240301T1425-delayed [Data set]. IOOS Gliders ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://gliders.ioos.us/erddap/tabledap/maracoos_02-20240301T1425-delayed.csv
 Rutgers University. (2026). maracoos_02-20240502T1359-delayed [Data set]. IOOS Gliders ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://gliders.ioos.us/erddap/tabledap/maracoos_02-20240502T1359-delayed.csv
 Rutgers University. (2026). maracoos_04-20221021T1433 [Data set]. IOOS Gliders ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://gliders.ioos.us/erddap/tabledap/maracoos_04-20221021T1433.csv
 Rutgers University. (2026). maracoos_04-20230221T1724 [Data set]. IOOS Gliders ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://gliders.ioos.us/erddap/tabledap/maracoos_04-20230221T1724.csv
 Rutgers University. (2026). maracoos_04-20241203T1457 [Data set]. IOOS Gliders ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://gliders.ioos.us/erddap/tabledap/maracoos_04-20241203T1457.csv
 Rutgers University. (2026). maracoos_05-20240619T1716-delayed [Data set]. IOOS Gliders ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://gliders.ioos.us/erddap/tabledap/maracoos_05-20240619T1716-delayed.csv
 Rutgers University. (2026). maracoos_05-20240801T1650-delayed [Data set]. IOOS Gliders ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://gliders.ioos.us/erddap/tabledap/maracoos_05-20240801T1650-delayed.csv
 Rutgers University. (2026). maracoos_05-20241011T1741-delayed [Data set]. IOOS Gliders ERDDAP. Retrieved May 1, 2026, from https://gliders.ioos.us/erddap/tabledap/maracoos_05-20241011T1741-delayed.csv

WOD#

Location: WOD Select and Search
Link: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/world-ocean-database-select/dbsearch.html
Filetype: NC
Data request SOP:

  • Choose search criteria:

    • Geographic Coordinates

    • Observation Dates - e.g., Year(s), Month(s), Day(s)

    • Dataset - e.g., OSD, CTD, XBT

  • Select “Build a query”

  • Geographic Coordinates:

    • Northern edge: 46.362305

    • Southern edge: 34.40918

    • Eastern edge: -63.585942

    • Western edge:-77.681645

  • Dates:

    • 01/01/2000 - 2024/12/31

  • Datasets:

    • CTD

    • DRB

    • OSD

    • PFL

    • MRB

    • APB

    • UOR

    • GLD

  • Select “get inventory”

  • Select “download data”

  • Choose format:

    • netCDF format

    • single cast

  • Choose level depth

    • Observed level depth (default)

  • Choose flag types

    • WOD flags (default)

  • Extract data

Profile type: Vertical and buoy
DOI: 10.25923/z885-h264
Citation:
 Mishonov A.V., T. P. Boyer, O. K. Baranova, C. N. Bouchard, S. Cross, H. E. Garcia, R. A. Locarnini, C. R. Paver, J. R. Reagan, Z. Wang, D. Seidov, A. I. Grodsky, J. G. Beauchamp, (2024): World Ocean Database 2023. C. Bouchard, Technical Ed., NOAA Atlas NESDIS 97, 206 pp., doi.org/10.25923/z885-h264,

Pioneer Array#

Location: ERDDAP
Link: https://erddap.dataexplorer.oceanobservatories.org/erddap/tabledap/
Dataset IDs:

SeaBASS#

Location: SeaBASS file search
Link: https://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/search
Data request SOP:

  • Dates: 01/01/2000- 2024/12/31

  • Geographic Coordinates:

    • Northern edge: 46.362305

    • Southern edge: 34.40918

    • Eastern edge: -63.585942

    • Western edge:-77.681645

  • Products:

    • “Find files containing any of the selected products”

  • Grouped products:

    • CTD Filetype: SB
      Profile type:
      DOI:
      Citation:
       Werdell, P. J., & Bailey, S. W. (2002). The SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS): Current architecture and implementation (NASA Tech. Memo. 2002-211617). NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. &esmp;Werdell, P. J., Bailey, S. W., Fargion, G. S., Pietras, C., Knobelspiesse, K. D., Feldman, G. C., & McClain, C. R. (2003). Unique data repository facilitates ocean color satellite validation. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 84(38), 377–381. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003EO380001

Surface Underway Marine Database (SUMD)#

Location: Surface Underway Marine Database Portal
Link: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/surface-underway-marine-database/
Data request SOP:

  • Data parameters:

    • Sea Surface Salinity

    • Sea Surface Temperature - measured by remote temperature sensor

  • Dates: 01/01/2000- 2024/12/31

  • Geographic Coordinates:

    • Northern edge: 46.362305

    • Southern edge: 34.40918

    • Eastern edge: -63.585942

    • Western edge:-77.681645 Filetype: NC
      Profile type: flowthrough
      DOI:
      Citation:
       NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (2025). Surface Underway Marine Database (SUMD) [Data set]. NOAA. Retrieved July 29 2025, from https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/surface-underway-marine-database/

NEFSC Passive Acoustics Branch (PAB)#

The Virginia (VA/CB) sites are in collaboration with the US Navy/HDR and the Stellwagen (SBNMS) sites are in collaboration with the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (ONMS).
Location: By request
Link: NA
Filetype: CSV
Profile type: Buoy
DOI:
Citation:
 NEFSC Passive Acoustics Branch. (2026). Passive acoustic bottom-mounted moorings [Data set]. Accessed April 26 2026.

How to set up a new data source for processing#

If you wish to add a new dataset and process the raw data into spatiotemporal depth bins (surface and bottom), then you can edit the FUNC_SOURCE_URLS.py file. In this file, edit the ```get_source`` function, following the template outlined below.
NOTE: If the data is a buoy or flowthrough, then the unique_id can be left as an empty string. If the profile type is vertical, then you need must provide a column(s) header with a unique id that can separate the data into profiles.

'new_data':{'name':'new_data','urls':[os.path.join(local_dir,'newdata.csv')],'filetype':'csv','platform':'float','profiletype':'vertical','unique_id':['station_id','cast_num']}

Contents